IslamWorld

Bringing life to Muslim Heritage Discover 1000 years of missing history and explore the fascinating Muslim contribution to present day Science, Technology, Arts and Civilisation.

< id="DataList1__ctl0_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Lord_Bowden_image_cover8.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Lord Vivian Bowden on Muslim Heritage in Economics and Fiscal System Lord Bowden was a legendary Principal and Vice Chancellor of UMIST. He had interest about the Muslim Heritage in Economics and Trade. He was so interested in the subject that he established an institute for the History of Islamic Science and Commerce. This article includes his views on the subject published at the time. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ibn-Khaldun on Taxes < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ottoman Cash Endowments < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Economic Theory of Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Nations

< id="DataList1__ctl1_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/cannon19.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Artillery Trade of the Ottoman Empire Trade has no borders. During times of hostility between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, European traders were not only trading with the Ottomans but trading in contraband war materials. This article provides an insight into trade that shaped history. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Introduction to Muslim Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Rocket Technology < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A review of Early Muslim Control Engineering < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Cannon of Mehmed II

< id="DataList1__ctl2_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Turkish Sherbet.JPG" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> The World’s First Soft Drink Sherbet, a juice of crushed fruit, herbs, or flowers has long existed as one of the most popular beverages from and of the Muslim world, winning over Western figures such as Lord Byron. Today, this juice is known by a multitude of names, is associated with numerous cultural traditions, and is produced by countries ranging from India to the United States of America. This short article delves deeper into the history of the world's first soft drink. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Agriculture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Globalisation of Crops < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Figs in Muslim Spain < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Coffee Trail: Origins of the Muslim beverage

< id="DataList1__ctl3_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Cover Image Islamic Celestial Globe1.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Seeking Seamless Celestial Globes: An Interview with Emilie Savage-Smith Najma Kazi interviews Dr. Emilie Savage-Smith, a Senior Research Associate at The Oriental Institute and Senior Research Fellow at St Cross College, Oxford. Dr. Savage-Smith is an internationally recognised authority on the History of Science, and is a key figure within a small band of historians that are spearheading the discovery of Muslim Heritage and its impact on the civilisation. Here, Dr. Savage-Smith recounts her journey in finding the creator of an unsigned celestial globe and goes on to highlight Muslim contributions to the development of medicine. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Transmission of Muslim Astronomy to Europe < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> An overview of Muslim Astronomers < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> 1000 years of missing Astronomy < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Muslim Pioneers of Astronomy < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Modelling the Stars

< id="DataList1__ctl4_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Sanaa.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> The Secret Gardens of Sana'a In this article Tim Mackintosh-Smith investigates the horticultural past of Sana'a. Whereas as once Yemen at large was well known as a land lavishly green, Mackintosh-Smith discovers quite a different story amidst a city coping with the conflicting demands of modernity, and rumours of an increasingly nostalgic history. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Agriculture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Globalisation of Crops < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Farming Manuals < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Figs in Muslim Spain < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Gardens of Islam < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Gardens, Nature and Conservation in Islam

< id="DataList1__ctl5_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Olana.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> A Treasure House on the Hudson Olana is a remarkable galley of exquisite works of art collected by Fredric Edwin Church during his travels in the Muslim World. In fact, the actual design of Olana was inspired by the architecture of buildings in Muslim Lands. This article delves deeper into the great influence of Muslim styles on the imagination and efforts of Church. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Introduction to Muslim Art and Ornaments < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Pottery, Ceramics and Glass < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Christopher Wren and the Muslim Origin of Gothic Architecture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Andalusia’s New Golden Pottery

< id="DataList1__ctl6_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Cover Image.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Andalusia’s New Golden Pottery In times past, Granada was a hub of artistic flair, imagination, and creativity, to the extent that the architecture of Muslim Spain exists as amongst the proudest Spanish monuments to this day. Such passion and dedication permeated many other realms of artistic endeavour such as calligraphy and perhaps not as well known, pottery. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Introduction to Muslim Art and Ornaments < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Architecture of Muslim Spain and North Africa. < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Zahra - City of Andalus < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Architecture of Early Islam (622-661)

< id="DataList1__ctl7_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Spanish Olives.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Muslim Contribution to Spanish Agriculture This article describes some of the numerous Muslim contributions to the development Spanish agriculture, including the introduction of new crops, more intensive use of irrigation, soil management, and scholarly efforts in farming innovation. Such was the impact of Muslim farming that the effects are still prevalent to this day. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Agriculture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Agricultural Machines and Construction < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Globalisation of Crops < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Farming Manuals < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Figs in Muslim Spain < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Pigeon - The Natural Fertiliser < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Muslim Agricultural Revolution

< id="DataList1__ctl8_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/Animal Car Cover Image.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Animal Care By way of faith, Muslims have a strong regard for the care of animals. This is due to the attention that the Prophet (peace be upon him) gave to the wellbeing and good-treatment of other creatures of God. Muslims believe that an ill-treated animal will testify against its abuser before God. This article provides a deeper insight into the Islamic attitude towards animals. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Eye Specialists in Islam < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Health Protection in Islam < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth Sciences < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Beginning of the Islamic Hospitals < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Educating Ottoman Doctors

< id="DataList1__ctl9_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/The Indian Ocean.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Al-Ramhormuzi and the Wonders of India Captain Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, a shipmaster from Khuzistan compiled a collection of stories and accounts of his experiences as a sea farer between 900 and 953. As well as stretching one's imagination, Captain Bazurg's ‘The Book of the Wonders of India' also provides insightful details of the world inhabited by Captain Bazurg and his contemporaries. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Piri Reis and the Book of Sea Lore (Kitab I-Bahriye) < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Travels of Ibn Fadlan < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Travels of Ibn Jubair < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Biruni, a true Scholar

< id="DataList1__ctl10_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fp30.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Cosmic Motifs & Elements in Seljuk and Ottoman Architecture The structure of Mosques and other buildings draw inspiration from descriptions in the Qur'an as well as pre-Islamic motifs. Here we look at how some of the resulting motifs and elements reflect the idea of the ordered cosmos. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Christopher Wren and the Muslim Origin of Gothic Architecture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ottoman Palace Architecture: The Topkapi Palace < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Great Mosque of Tlemcen < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Khirbat Al-Mafjar, Palace (740 -750) < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Decoding and Demystifying Da Vinci < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Karatay Madrasa, Konya 1252 < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Art of Marbling - Ebru

< id="DataList1__ctl11_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fp29.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Bone Fractures in Ibn Sina's Medicine Ibn Sina, or Avicenna as he is known in the west, was a well-known Islamic philosopher and physician. Here we look at his accomplishments and contributions to knowledge of bone fractures. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Spain's Islamic Legacy < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ibn Rushd: Harmony of Theological & Philosophical (Scientific) Truth < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Arabic Medicine in the Mediteranean < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Scholars of Baghdad < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ibn Sina's writing on Beauty

< id="DataList1__ctl12_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/djenne1.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> West African mosque architecture - A Brief Introduction Mosques built in parts of the Muslim world where Arabs migrated or took control of through wars developed a distinct tradition of domes and minarets. In areas where Islam spread mostly by returning traders, traditions of mosque building were determined more by local skills and approaches. Here is a brief look at the tradition in West Africa. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Architecture of Muslim Caliphate in North Africa < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A review of Mosque Architecture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A'mr Mosque < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Mutawwaqil Mosque < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The world-class University of Sankore, Timbuktu < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Natural Setting of Muslim North Africa < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Great Mosque of Tlemcen < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Influence of Acoustic Data in Architectural Design

< id="DataList1__ctl13_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fp18.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> The Great Turk Genius Amir Khusraw and his Accomplishments in Music Amir Khusraw (d. 1325) was essentially an eminent musician and is regarded as a great savant in the history of world music and a genius of unequalled stature in the history of music in the Hindustan sub-continent. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Ziryab, the musician, astronomer, fashion designer and gastronome < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Music in Muslim Civilisation < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Musical Instruments Transmitted to Europe < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Contribution of Muslims to the Development of Music < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Impact on Instrumental Tablature < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Muslim Influence on Musical Theory

< id="DataList1__ctl14_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fpmanu.jpg" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Al-Khazani - Merv's Physicist Al khazini was a key character of Merv's scientific community. He specialised in developing extremely precise scientific measurements and this helped him explore various concepts in physics. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Chemistry < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Advent of Experimental Chemistry < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A review of Early Muslim Control Engineering < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Khwarizm

< id="DataList1__ctl15_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fp3.JPG" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Earliest maps of America The earliest maps made of America by Columbus have all since been lost. However, a number of very early and accurate maps exist which were made by Piri Reis based on material including the maps by Columbus and used by the Turkish navy. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A review of Muslim Geography < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Zheng He - the Chinese Muslim Admiral < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Piri Reis maps America < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Piri Reis and the Book of Sea Lore (Kitab I-Bahriye) < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Turkish Contributions to Scientific Work in Islam

< id="DataList1__ctl16_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/fp.png" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din Through applying modern engineering technology and graphic modelling with computers, we can see the these machines designed and described many centuries ago come to life. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Jazari - the Mechanical Genius < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Rocket Technology < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> A review of Early Muslim Control Engineering

< id="DataList1__ctl17_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/figure1resized.JPG" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Spain's Islamic Legacy Muslims ruled in Spain and Portugal over a period of 800 years. When the Christians finally forced out the Muslims and instituted the inquisition they encountered some of the great achievements of Islamic science and civilisation. Today much of this heritage can still be found. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Zahra - City of Andalus < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Syrian influence in Cordoba, Spain < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Figs in Muslim Spain < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Gardens of Islam < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Cordoba, European Jewel of the Middle Ages

< id="DataList1__ctl18_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/ibn_hazm1.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Ibn Hazm's Philosophy and Thoughts on Science Ibn Hazm (994-1064CE) came from Cordoba. He was one of the most original theologians and literati of Muslim Spain. A master of many disciplines, including history, grammar, poetry, genealogy, and logic, and wrote works of enduring importance in Islamic theology and law. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Historians < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Ghazali’s Views on Children's Education < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Scholars and Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Islam and Learning

< id="DataList1__ctl19_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/astro11.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Tolerant and Humane Aspects of Muslim Civilisation In recent time, Muslims, have come under severe strain. Aggression or violence by the use of the sword and Islam are nearly always depicted as co-existent. History though, reveals the complete opposite. Explore the little known but fascinating tolerance and humanity of Muslim Civilisation. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Science conflicting with Religion? Not for Muslims! < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Scholars and Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Multi-ethnic Science Community with Islam < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The fallacy of the 'Dark Ages' < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Islamic Origins of Modern Science

< id="DataList1__ctl20_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/al_kindi_big1.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Al-Kindi, Cryptography, Code Breaking and Ciphers Cryptography paved the way for the development of arguably humanity’s greatest achievements yet, Computers, the Internet and the digital world. This article presents Al-Kindi as the originator of the modern method of decipher. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Jazari - the Mechanical Genius < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Distortions in Western Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Khawarizmi (780 - 850 CE) < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Founders of Mathematics < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Kindi: Encyclopaedic Scholar of the Baghdad 'House of Wisdom'

< id="DataList1__ctl21_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/cordoba.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Cordoba, European Jewel of the Middle Ages Cordoba used to be the jewel of Europe dazzling visitors from the North. With over 70 public libraries during the time of Caliph Hakam II, and 900 public baths, Scholars and booksellers flocked there and made it Europes intellectual centre by the 10th century A.D. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Arab Surgeon Albucasis (Al-Zahrawi) < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The fallacy of the 'Dark Ages' < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Architecture of Muslim Spain and North Africa. < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Mosque of Cordoba < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Zahra - City of Andalus < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Al-Hambra Palace and the river of paradise < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Syrian influence in Cordoba, Spain

< id="DataList1__ctl22_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/ACF1BE1.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> The Beginning of the Paper Industry Paper, originally, was brought by the Muslims from China. From an art, the Muslims developed it into a major industry. Paper mills flourished across the Muslim World. The impact of Muslim manufacture of paper paved the way for the printing revolution. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Zheng He - the Chinese Muslim Admiral < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Chemistry < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Contribution to Agriculture < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Pottery, Ceramics and Glass < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Cordoba, European Jewel of the Middle Ages

< id="DataList1__ctl23_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/ACF373E.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Islam as the Impetus of Scientific Advance Islam provided such impetus in the era 800-1200. Islam makes self-improvement of the individual and the betterment of society part of religious duty, inspiring individuals in all manners and forms. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Contrast between Islamic and Western Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Science conflicting with Religion? Not for Muslims! < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Quran, Hadith and Knowledge < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Muslim Scholars and Science < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Quranic Verses on Science

< id="DataList1__ctl24_Image1" vspace="5" hspace="5" src="http://MuslimHeritage.com/uploads/chem.gif" alt="" align="Left" border="0" height="120" width="100" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #55702e 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #55702e 1px solid" /> Muslim Contribution to Chemistry The chemical terms alcohol, alkali, alembicin and indeed the word chemistry itself have origins in the Arabic language. It is time to put the Muslim contribution to modern day chemistry in its due place in history. Also < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> The Advent of Experimental Chemistry < src="images/gifs/arrow1.gif" hspace="4"> Pharmacology in the Making