The Way To Happiness
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Creator: Ghalib Ahmad Masri and Nathif Jama Adam
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Identifier: http://www.al-sunnah.com/happiness.htm
Language: en
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Subject: character
Title: The Way To Happiness
Created on: Wed Dec 26 13:28:42 -0500 2007
Updated on: Wed Dec 26 13:28:42 -0500 2007
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Abstract: ... would embody and infuse together the spiritual, moral and other virtues required Of man. Allah (Glory be to Him) said: "Leave alone those who take their way of life to be mere play and amusement and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah." (Qur’an, 6:70) Acting Here we specifically refer to those persons directly engaged in the field of entertainment namely, film and stage actors, singers, dancers, etc. Is the world of entertainment a source of true happiness? Far from the common man, it is surprising how many people still equate happiness with fun. The truth of the matter, however, is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. The correct and logical conclusion would be that fun is what we experience during an act, while happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more enduring, more meaningful and more abiding emotion. Going to an amusement park or to a ball game, watching a movie or television are fun activities that "may" help someone to relax. One may temporarily forget his problems and even may laugh. But these are things which do not and could not definitely bring any real happiness to the person because their positive effects usually last only as long as the fun lasts. A much deeper analysis into the matter is achieved when we envisage and look into fun and entertainment around us. I could not help the thought that if these movie, TV, music and theatre "stars" had anything to demonstrate, it is that happiness has nothing to do with fun. It is a fact that these individuals have constant access to abundant wealth, glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes and everything that "seems to spell happiness’. However, memoir after memoir with so much information is exposed about these "celebrities’ unveiling the sorrow hidden beneath all their fun e.g., depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, children out of wedlock, broken marriages, troubled children, illicit relations, loneliness, mental anguish, ignominy, etc. Could there be a way to deny all these facts? ? Hardly does a day pass by without coming across some stories in the media such as the following: "Elizabeth Taylor, who was once considered to be one of the legends of film makers and film viewers, again at the age of 59 got married for the seventh time to Larry Fortensky, 39 years old, a construction worker. She said after the marriage ceremony I hope this is for life’. Like most celebrities, she is apparently still looking for happiness which her fame failed to provide for her during the peak of her career. But now she wants to evade her fame" which deprived her of true happiness. She added: ‘I’ve done everything I can to give me up’.... A pathologist who helped perform the autopsy on Elvis Presly says the king of rock n roll died of DRUGS and not heart disease....’it was a deadly mix of drugs that killed him...." "Twice-divorced Dyan Cannon says: ‘I’ll keep on trying marriage until I get it right’. The 54 year-old actress said in the March 10 issue of Parade magazine that her first divorce from the late, Cary Grant, was not amicable..." "Soul legend, James Brown, was granted parole, Wednesday, after being imprisoned for more than two years for assault and drug use...." "Screen siren, Kim Basinger, says she can be wild without drugs and alcohol. The 37 years old actress admits in the February issue of Cosmopolitan magazine in New York that she’s done a lot of wild things, including drugs and plenty of partying. ‘When I came to Los Angeles, I said I want to take every thing; I want to try it all’...(Basinger) said she would like to marry again.. She was married for eight years to make-up artist Ron Briton. They were divorced in 1989." "TV comedian, Jamie Lee Curtis, says she doesn’t like the kind of personal demand placed on some women actresses in the acting career, Many of them have no children. I wouldn’t want those kinds of demands placed on my life...." "Cheyenne Brando, the 20year old daughter of actor Marlon Brando arrived in Paris on Tuesday for mental treatment following two suicide attempts last year after the highly publicized killing of her father...." "Actor-singer, Larry Kert, died Wednesday night of AIDS...." "Pop singer, Billy Preston, was arrested at his Malibu home Sunday after a I6 year old boy complained that he bad been sexually assaulted by the singer....’ The list is inexhaustible and that is the life rampant in the entertainment and fun industry. Do these cases, therefore, portray the lives of men and women enjoying any sort of real happiness? NEVER! INDEED. Yet, people continue to believe that the next, more glamorous party, more expensive car, more luxurious vacation, fancier home would do what all the other parties; cars, vacations and homes have not been able to do. The way people are inclined to believe that a funfilled, painfree and carefree life is equal to happiness actually diminishes their chances of ever attaining true happiness. While discussing fun and entertainment a subject matter which, we feel, must not go unmentioned is the product which these men and Women of stage and screen have for their "fans" and "Viewers" the substance, the quality, the values and the effects on popular culture and standards And in this regard, we have reproduced, here below, some excerpts from two thought provoking articles from some international U.S. Publications discussing different aspects of the problem. The writers of the reports were, of course, discussing the extent and seriousness of the matter with reference to and in the context of the U.S., but the problem is global and all over. ARTICLE ONE BY: Michael Medved The value of self-discipline so essential to normal family life is portrayed only rarely in the popular culture. Nearly two-thirds of all American adults are married, but movies today focus overwhelmly big on single people. And those few flints that do show a family most often depict a marriage that is radically dysfunctional (completely abnormal) with a husband accused of attempting to murder his wife (as in Reversal of Fortune) or a wife sleeping with her husband’s female friend (as in Henry & June) or the married pair killing each other (as in The War of the Roses). When I complained about the destructive product of the entertainment industry, colleagues urged me to stop worrying; it’s a simple matter to tune out. An incident last spring reminded me it was not so easy to do that. My family and I went on an outing to a public park on a mountain lake near Santa Barbara, California. Our daughters, ages one and three, went toddling off toward the ducks. The one year-old was saying, "Duckie! Duckie!" one of her first words and reaching out to the birds with her chubby arms. My wife and I looked on with satisfaction. But soon a group of teenagers carrying a ‘boom box’ arrived at the lake shore. Coming out of their shiny chrome machine was a rape song full of four-letter words describing rape and feces and oral volume. Our girls had never heard those particular words before. They were frightened by the noise and started to cry. I suppose we could have stayed and made a scene, but I don’t carry assault weapons in my trunk. Instead we abandoned the beautiful scene to those brutish kids. The point is that you can’t just tune out the popular culture today. The messages, the images, are everywhere. Is it a coincidence that the war on standards in art, music, television and film corresponds with increasingly destructive behaviour on the part of the young people who are the most devoted consumers of these media? Is there no connection between the media’s obsession with crime and violence and the fact that the number of kids under 19 who are arrested has increased by 120 percent since l963? Is there no connection between the sex-crazed popular culture and the fact that out-of-wedlock births have increased 350 percent since 1960? Ironically, media moguls downplay the significance of their work, insisting that sex and violence on screen do not encourage sex and violence in real life. But the same industry then turns around and asks advertisers to pay tens of thousands of dollars for 30 seconds of airtime in the hope that this fleeting exposure would directly alter the public’s buying behaviour. The war on standards in the popular culture would be the issue on the l990s. Expanded censorships are not the way to win it. However, attempts to move in that direction would only prove to be counter-productive boycotts of sponsors, direct protests, letter-writting campaigns and other forms of private-sector pressures are far more effective than new government regulations. While we are working to prevent the further pollution of our culture, we should do more than protest the bad. We should also remember to promote the good which is indubitably beneficial to us. ARTICLE TWO: By: Bob Grene Millions of families sat down in their living rooms one evening last August to watch a live Madonna concert from France, telecasted on the cable network Home Box Office (HBO). Since Madonna is such a huge international star, and since the telecast was heavily promoted and aired in prime time on a weekend, millions of children certainty watched with their parents. What happened on all those screens was that Madona repeatedly used the one obscene word that has been routinely barred from the public airways. Later in the show she writhed on a bed and simulated masturbation. She also laughingly used common street terms for male genitals. We live in an anything-goes-age, so that shows witless, and purposely vulgar content was not surprising. The language itself was nothing that has not been heard in movies or on cableTV comedy specials. The surprising thing was that so few parents called HBO to object. A spokesperson for the network said the complaints "were not by any stretch of the imagination overwhelming" and that the Madona concert was the highes rated original entertainment program in the network’s history. Apparently, America’s parents have totally given up hope that they could control what their children are exposed to on TV. What is most disturbing is that products appeared in Americas homes during prime time on a Sunday, and people seemed to think it was no big deal. The television, in a way that now seems quaint, was once considered almost sacred ground when it came to certain material precisely because children were watching. But the country has been so beaten down by a lessening of public standards that obscenities could be telecasted to millions of families without causing even a ripple of protest. What of the argument that parents should just turn off the TV if they don’t like the programming? It’s valid but there was no warning before Madonna launched into her first rapid fire round of obscenities. Although the telecast was promoted as being live, it actually was taped hours before. The network knew what it was sending out. Yet it did so without deletions or an advisory notice at the beginning of the show. This was "a creative decision," HBO says. HBO, as a cable network, is not bound by the same restrictions placed on the over the air networks. But this nicely is undoubtedly lost on children who have grown up with cable TV in their homes. To them, HBO is just another stop on the dial. Those children would hear worse in their lifetimes they probably already have. To telecast a concert like Madonna’s is no longer considered particularly controversial. But to wonder publicly about the wisdom of it to say that delivering such a performance to the nation’s children is wrong that is considered controversial. To say it is wrong is to seem am of step with the rest of the world. But it is wrong. It is dead wrong. The cry is loud but are there listeners? So, the men and Women of fun and entertainment industry do not enjoy real happiness, nor do they present valuable things to the society, but most of what they produce are destructive materials. As mentioned several times during the discussion, happiness is an inner motive and a goal which could not be acquired alone by the mere fulfilment of external or material needs. Enrichment and nourishment of our inner being make an essential requirement to a morally sound development of ourselves The foregoing stones and examples prove one thing in common: that true happiness does not emanate from wealth fame, academic degrees and titles, high rankor Position in society. What are therefore, those factors that maycon stitute sources of both physical arid spiritual well being for man? Where does happiness originate? And what are the qualities of those who are truly happy? Before answering these questions, let us first discuss in brief the barriers to real happiness. BARRIERS TO REAL HAPPINESS 1.Disbelief In Allah And Lack Of The True Faith. Since the true faith fills the heart with comfort, security, reassurance and contentment, and makes man feel that he has strong relationship with Almighty Allah, Who alone is the Creator of man and everything visible and invisible and knows best what achieves man’s well-being and happiness. Therefore, one of the biggest barriers to real happiness both in this world and the Hereafter is the rejection of Allah’s true religion (i.e., Islam). Those who lack correct belief and stray from Divine Guidance revealed to mankind through the Universal and Last Messenger of Allah, Muhammad, will suffer from spiritual void and deprive themselves from real salvation and mercy: "Those whom God (in His Plan) willeth to guide, He openeth their breast to Islam; those whom He willeth to leave straying, He maketh their breast close and constricted, as if they had to climb up to the skies: thus doth Allah lay abomination on those who refuse to follow His code of life, that is Islam...." (Qur’an, 6:125) 2. Sin and Crime Man has not realized well the serious consequences of sin as their effects generally have no cure. Sins and crimes are barriers to real happiness. Therefore, a criminal is always more unhappy than his victim, for a criminal who is not punished could be among the most miserable people. 3. Envy and Jealousy Envy and jealousy are sources of dissatisfaction and self-torture for people. Therefore, we are advised in the Holy Qur’an to seek refuge from the serious effects of such kinds of malignant social evils. In chapter 113 of the Holy Qur'an, we are advised to seek refuge in Allah "from the mischief of the envious one as he practises envy.... "Both envy and jealousy, when translated into action, lead to the destruction of happiness and deprive people of the good things they enjoy. The best refuge from evil is trust in Allah along along with putty of heart. 4. Ill-will True believers are described in the Holy Qur’an, verse 10 of chapter 59, as saying when they pray to Allah: "And leave not, in our hearts, rancour (or sense of injury) against those who have believed...." Ill-will and rancour are barriers to the happiness of man. In fact, ill-will is contrary to happiness; it belongs to a different domain on human feelings. It is like a virus that kills the lofty sentiments and kind feelings of man. 5. Anger Anger connotes displeasure and hostility. Therefore, it is one of the biggest threats that spoil man’s happiness. Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings be upon him), stressed the importance of selfrestraint when he advised one of his companions: "Do not be overpowered by anger..." 6. lnjustice Injustice, no doubt will bring ruin to everybody who practises it. This is proven by many examples that served as warnings and lessons to humanity to shun this dangerous vice and maintain justice and equality. Injustice may signify the trespassing and going beyond limits; it may also signify the misplacement of things or denial of truth. In this context, incorrect concepts on divinity, such as polytheism, idolatry and false worship, air one of the forms of injustice as it is a distortion of true religion and trespassing against divine commands. The following verse from the Holy Qur’an illustrates this point: "Behold, Luqman said to his son by way of instruction: ‘0 my son! Join not in worship (others) with Allah: for false worship is indeed the highest wrongdoing...," (Qur’an, 3 1:13) Many a nation backed up, or refrained from resisting, unjust tyrants and wrongdoers and brought thereby upon themselves devastation and perdition. The following quotation from the sayings of the Prophet (Peace and blessings be upon him) testifies to this proven fact very often noticed in human life. Abu Musa AlAsh’ari, a companion of Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings be upon him), related that the Prophet said (as narrated by imams Bukhari and Muslim): "Allah may give a wrongdoing tyrant respite, and thereafter when He punishes him, He never lets him escape." Then, he recited this Qur’anic Verse: "Such is the chastisement of thy Lord when He chastises communities in the midst of their wrong: grievous, indeed, and severe is His chastisement." (Qur’an, 11:102) In another verse from the Holy Qur’an, it is stated: "And how many populations did I give respite, which were given to wrongdoing? In the end I punished them. To Me is the destination (of all)." (Qur’an, 22:48) 7. Fear of Wordly Power Fear of other than Allah is the cause of humility, insecurity and unhappiness. Whereas, fear of Allah produces in man lofty ideals and drives him to develop sound conduct and excellent moral behaviour. It frees him from all fetters of human bondage and safeguards his dignity and freedom of will. Allah says in the Holy Qur’an: "It is only the Satan that suggests to you the fear of his votaries: be you not afraid of them, but fear me, if you are true believers. (Qur’an, 3:175) 8. Pessimism Pessimism is synonymous with misery and trouble. It leads to a stage of inertia and depression. A pessimistic person would hold back from enjoying his normal life or achieving his objectives. Therefore, the Gracious Prophet (Peace and blessings be upon him) promoted and liked optimism but discouraged and disliked pessimism. A pessimist, due to his defeatist tendencies, incurs several troubles and difficulties the effects of which on his nerves are far heavier than dilemmas and disasters. 9. Suspicion Allah (Glory be to Him) states in the Holy Qur’an: "0 ye who believe! Shun suspicion as much (as possible): for suspicion in some cases is a sin...." (Qur’an, 49:12) Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings be upon him) also says: "Shun suspicion, because suspicion is the biggest lie." (Narrated by Imams Bukhari and Muslim) How can a suspicious person be happy? And how can a society pervaded by suspicion and mistrust prosper or lead a collective life of happiness. 10. Arrogance An arrogant person leads a life of misery even though he treats other people rudely and boastfully without due regard to established norms of moral conduct. He oppresses them or turns his cheek in scorn toward them but he is definitely haunted with guilty conscience which makes his life miserable. "Turn not thy cheek in scorn toward folk, nor walk with pertness in the land. Lo! Allah loveth not each braggart boaster." (Qur’an, 31: I8) Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings be upon him) gave his advice in this regard when he said: "On the Day of Judgment Allah will not look towards him who trails his lower garment out of pride " (Hadith narrated by imams Bukhari and Muslim) 11. Devotion to other than Allah It is a part of man’s character to love and hate, but carrying the passions of love and hate to extremes is precarious. Take for example the story of Romeo and Juliet in English Literature or Qays and Layla in Arabic Literature. Qays, who was known in the story as Layla’s mad lover, had suffered tremendously from this love until he lost his senses and later died in a wretched piteous state. When your heart is wholly devoted to your Creator (Allah), your love is holy and you thereby enjoy an elevated emotion which fills your heart with peace and happiness. This kind of emotion is not in contradiction with love for parents, wife or children . In fact, they are harmonious and complementary. But, extreme emotions, when not controlled by reason or logic, are in fact detrimental to our life and happiness. 12. Alcohol. Drugs and Drug Addiction Many people imagine that happiness can be attained through alcohol or drug addiction. Therefore, they resort to drugs escaping thereby from the troubles and worries of life. In fact, they are like one who escapes from a small fire to a hell, Drugs may throw one, for a short while, into a dreamy illusive world of happiness; but in fact they lead both to disintegration and destruction. We nowadays witness many examples of such social disintegration and chaos due to the worldwide surge of drug addiction besides other causes related to corruption and the absence of real religious sanctions and sound creed. LAND MARKS ON THE WAY TO HAPPY LIFE (The Factors & Prerequisites of Happiness) 1. Sound Belief To build a happy life, you have to first lay a solid foundation for it, otherwise, it will subside. Therefore, we should seek such a solid unshakeable foundation on which we could build our wholesome life. There must be also a scheme by which the course of our life is to be guided and control led. Man possesses impulses, drives, feelings, desires and whims which may influence his character and way of life. He is endowed with the ability to think, reason and perceive so that he could be able to control his will and emotions and direct himself into the course of action he believes to be suitable However, man’s mind and emotions may lapse and lead him away from the right path. lute may stray unknowingly from the way to success and happiness and take the course to chaos and misery, thereby bringing suffering and destruction upon himself arid upon others. Hence tile necessity for man to achieve a profound understanding of the Divine Guidance which leads his way to the plain truth about his existence in this world, his relation to the universe and to other creatures, the purpose of his creation, how he has come into existence, the Divine Will that controls him and directs his life, and the correct course and way that leads him to salvation and real happiness Islam is the last and only universal religion and system or code of life revealed to mankind through the last Prophet (Peace and blessings be upon him) and the only faith with the Divine Revelation still kept intact in its orginal form, unlike the earlier revelations which were already lost, adulterated, interpolated changed and corrupted. Thus, the Islamic Faith proves to be the only correct foundation for man’s character and behaviour and a mode of life necessary for building a sound and progressive society characterized by justice and peace which is in harmony with Allah’s will. If we think of the backwardness of Muslim societies, we will find that the reason for such condition is mainly due to the deviation from this divine way of life. The calamities that caused the downfall of Muslim societies are by no means merely due to lack of scientific knowledge but rather to their deviation from Islam. In fact, when Europe was going through the socalled Dark Ages, the Islamic Nation, covering half of the world, was enjoying the most splendid and glorious civilization the world had ever known. So the Islamic belief, when put into practice, leads man to the right direction and channels all his energies and efforts into a constructive scheme of life. To begin with, faith is complementary to reason. Therefore, reason is not the antithesis of faith as is the case in some other human beliefs and religions. Islamic faith helps to develop the human mind and does not impose any kind of illogical concept or undue restrictions on it. It leads man in the way of truth since he is guided by words and commandments of his Creator, Who knows what is best for him. A basic Islamic principle of faith is related to harmony in this universe. Many scientists and thinkers believe that there is a conflict between man and nature and that man is struggling to overcome the powers of nature. Islam corrects this shortsighted notion. It states that everything in this world has been created to serve man, and man has been created to serve Allah. Therefore, the relationship between man and the universe is one of harmony and friendliness. This fact imbues man with peace of mind, satisfaction and happiness. It also frees his mind from worries, fears and feeling of hostility. His life would become inspired with love, hope, optimism, contentment and happiness that would enable him to face hardships with confidence and right discretion. Belief in Allah and in His perfect attributes would deeply influence the Muslim’s character and his whole outlook on life. It brings him to acquire good qualities and aim for human perfection. This will undoubtedly achieve, for both the individual and the society, a life of ideal values and collective happiness. Belief in the angels of Allah makes man feel that he is not alone in this universe and that it abounds with righteous friendly creatures. This would make life pleasant for him and enable him to achieve success and happiness. Belief in the Day of Judgment drives man to control his behaviour and life according to the Divine Laws of justice and righteousness. Without belief in this Day on which everyone will receive his just deserts (when the wrongdoers are justly punished and the righteous are rewarded bountifully), man would lose the impetus to behave fairly towards others and the oppressed would grow hopeless and miserable. Belief in the Hereafter is an essential element that helps to control human delinquency and establish collective happiness and virtues in society. Belief in Divine Destiny is a major element of a stable and composed personality. When you submit yourself to the Divine Decree and Will and feel positively certain that ‘What befalls you would not have missed you and what misses you would not have befallen you", you would certainly grow stronger in the face of calamities, face them with patience and courage and not succumb to them or be paralized with shock or despair. Lack of such element of faith creates a vacuum in man’s heart and life that cannot be filled up with all the riches and pleasures of the world. It is this kind of emptiness that drives many, even the wealthy and the pleasure seekers of the world to collapse or even commit suicide. 2. Worship and Devotion to Allah "Not for (idle) sport did We create the heavens and the earth and all that is between"(Qur’an, 21:16) So creation is not for idle sport or play, Allah has a serious purpose behind it. What is it? Allah has revealed to us His purpose in the Holy Qur’an: "I have only created Jinns (i.e., genies) and men, that they may serve Me!" (Qur’an, 51:56) Everything and everyone in the Universe am created by Almighty Allah, and all submit to His Will. Have a glance at the physical world. You will find everything controlled and directed in accordance with Divine Order and Laws. There are laws that govern every area or domain of nature, such as the laws of gravity, motion, relativity, etc. These prevailing laws testify to the fact that the universe is in total submission to its Creator, Almighty Allah, Who has originated its laws. But man has been endowed with Free Will, a privilege not given to the lower forms of creation, so that his obedience to the laws of his Creator should be more sensible and not a kind of blind obedience like a robot following the commands of the computer operator. Besides, he is also endowed with the faculty of thinking and reasoning so that he could be able to decide and shoulder responsibility. Therefore, man will be able to achieve full harmony in his life if the intellectual and spiritual side of his character comes to coincide with the physical side which is already ruled by natural or physical laws ordained and fulfilled by Allah Glory be to Him)! Thus, he would abide by the Divine Law, listen to the commandments of his Lord and respond willingly, and worship in all humility and reverence the only true deity, Allah, Who alone is worthy of worship. Obedience and worship of Allah are a major and comprehensive source of contentment and happiness for man. On the personal level, it gives man the feeling that he is close to Allah and such nearness to his Lord, consequently, provides him with guidance, wisdom, strength, confidence, steadfastness, security, joy and satisfaction. Acts of worship have many positive aspects in human life. In prayer, man communicates with his Lord directly and establishes the most exalted relationship that infuses him with satisfaction and peace of mind. He feels that Allah is with him: He hears him, responds to him, accepts his prayers and good deeds and forgives his sins. This would elevate his spirit to perfection. He would contemplate the verses of the Glorious Qur’an that are recited and realize their implications as well as the general aims of the prayer. He would be moved to comply with their injunctions and commandments. He would feel the power of Allah dominating him as well as the whole universe. This would make him humble and cause him to abstain from wronging or trespassing against others. When he acquires such traits, he would become the epitome of love, mercy, justice and guidance. He would become a man of good manners and refinement, in full control of his desires and whims. Further, he would be able to channel all his feelings, efforts and actions in the proper constructive way. Prayer purifies the soul of error and the gloominess of sins as water purifies and refreshes the body. It refines mans character and inculcates in him the excellent virtues of truthfulness, honesty, modesty and humility.It keeps man away from falsehood and from all forbidden actions and evil deeds. On the collective level, prayer achieves for the community a high degree of perfection and leads it through the way to collective happiness and success, as it has realized for the individual a feeling of happiness as well as consistency, dignity and integrity. This act of worship contains many elements of success and social welfare. Congregational prayer is, in fact, a school for social upliftment, where man can exercise order and unity, and equality is fully realized with no traces of discrimination whatsoever. Those who perform prayer in the right way shall find their way to salvation, success and eternal happiness. What applies to prayer also applies to other acts of worship which, together, contribute to the building of spiritual, social, political, economic welfare and solidarity. In fact, that is the secret behind the standard of superiority achieved by the Muslim society at the Zenith of its development, power, and prosperity. A final word on worship as a source of success and happiness is that worship in islam includes every action a Muslim performs only for the sake of Allah (Glory be to Him) and in accordance with His commandments. This not only covers ritual acts like prayers performed in the Mosque, fasting during the month of Ramadan or the performance of Hajj; it also includes all human activities, such as learning, training, eating, sleeping, working to earn a living for the sustenance of the family and all other constructive activities necessary for the improvement of human life. This provides the Muslim with a treasure of good deeds tat contribute to the realization of an integral and righteous character and enhances his chances of attaining an ... [Full Article...]
